Monday 4 July 2011

REPORTED/INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH
You can answer the question "What did he/she say?" in two ways:
  • by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)
  • by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).
Direct Speech
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between inverted commas ("....") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation
Examples
  • She says "What time will you be home?"
  • She said "What time will you be home?" and I said "I don't know! "
  • "There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
  • John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."
Reported Speech
Reported speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.
  • She said, "I saw him." http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifShe said that she had seen him.
'That' may be omitted:
  • She told him that she was happy.
  • She told him she was happy.
'Say' and 'tell':
  • Use 'say' when there is no indirect object:
  • He said that he was tired.
  • Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. with an indirect object):
  • He told me that he was tired.
'Talk' and 'speak' are used:
- to describe the action of communicating:
  • He talked to us.
  • She was speaking on the telephone.

- with 'about' to refer to what was said:
  • He talked (to us) about his parents.
REPORTED SPEECH
Tense Changes When Using Reported Speech
Normally, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech:
She said, "I am tired." http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifShe said that she was tired.
The changes are shown below:
Simple present
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
Simple past
"I always drink coffee", she said

She said that she always drank coffee.
Present continuous
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
Past continuous
"I am reading a book", he explained.

He explained that he was reading a book
Simple past
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
Past perfect
"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said.

He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday
Present perfect
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
Past perfect
"I have been to Spain", he told me.

He told me that he had been to Spain
Past perfect
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
Past perfect
"I had just turned out the light," he explained.

He explained that he had just turned out the light.
Present perfect continuous
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
Past perfect continuous
They complained, "We have been waiting for hours".

They complained that they had been waiting for hours.
Past continuous
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
Past perfect continuous
"We were living in Paris", they told me.

They told me that they had been living in Paris.
Future
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
Present conditional
"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said

He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.
Future continuous
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
Conditional continuous
She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday".

She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

NOTE:
1. You do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or if the original statement was about something that is still true, e.g.
  • He says he has missed the train but he'll catch the next one.
  • We explained that it is very difficult to find our house.
2. These modal verbs do not change in reported speech:
might, could, would, should, ought to, e.g.
  • We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.
  • She said that she might bring a friend to the party.
REPORTED SPEECH: CHANGE OF TIME AND PLACE
Time/place references change when using reported speech
Example
  • "I will see you here tomorrow", she said. http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifShe said that she would see me there the next day.
The most common of these changes are shown below:
Today
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
that day
"I saw him today", she said.

She said that she had seen him that day.
Yesterday
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
the day before
"I saw him yesterday", she said.

She said that she had seen him the day before.
The day before yesterday
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
two days before
"I met her the day before yesterday", he said.

He said that he had met her two days before.
Tomorrow
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
the next/following day
"I'll see you tomorrow", he said

He said that he would see me the next day.
The day after tomorrow
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
in two days time/ two days later
"We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said.

They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later.
Next week/month/year
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
the following week/month/year
"I have an appointment next week", she said.

She said that she had an appointment the following week.
Last week/month/year
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
the previous/week/month/year
"I was on holiday last week", he told us.

He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week.
ago
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
before
"I saw her a week ago," he said.

He said he had seen her a week before.
this (for time)
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
that
"I'm getting a new car this week", she said.

She said she was getting a new car that week.
this/that (adjectives)
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
the
"Do you like this shirt?" he asked

He asked if I liked the shirt.
here
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
there
He said, "I live here".

He told me he lived there.
Other changes:
In general, personal pronouns change to the third person singular or plural, except when the speaker reports his own words:
  • I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifhim/his/her/hers
  • we/us/our/ours, you/your/yours http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifthey/their/theirs:

  • He said: "I like your new car." http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifHe told her that he liked her new car.
  • I said: "I'm going to my friend's house." http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifI said that I was going to my friend's house.
Question Forms and Reported Speech
Question Forms and Reported Speech
1. Normal word order is used in reported questions, that is, the subject comes before the verb, and it is not necessary to use 'do' or 'did':
  • "Where does Peter live?" http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifShe asked him where Peter lived.
2. Yes / no questions: This type of question is reported by using 'ask' + 'if / whether + clause:
  • "Do you speak English?" http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifHe asked me if I spoke English.
  • "Are you British or American?" http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifHe asked me whether I was British or American.
  • "Is it raining?" http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifShe asked if it was raining.
  • "Have you got a computer?" http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifHe wanted to know whether I had a computer.
  • "Can you type?" http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifShe asked if I could type.
  • "Did you come by train?" http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifHe enquired whether I had come by train.
  • "Have you been to Bristol before?" http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifShe asked if I had been to Bristol before.
3. Question words:
This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question word + clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tense change.
  • "What is your name?" he asked me. http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifHe asked me what my name was.
  • "How old is your mother?", he asked. http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifHe asked how old her mother was.
  • The policman said to the boy, "Where do you live?" http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifThe policeman asked the boy where he lived.
  • "What time does the train arrive?" she asked. http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifShe asked what time the train arrived.
  • "When can we have dinner?" she asked. http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifShe asked when they could have dinner.
  • Peter said to John, "Why are you so late?" http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifPeter asked the John why he was so late.
Reported Speech: orders, requests & suggestions
ORDERS, REQUESTS, SUGGESTIONS
1. When we want to report an order or request, we can use a verb like 'tell' with a to-clause.
Example
  • He told me to go away.
The pattern is verb + indirect object + to-clause.
(The indirect object is the person spoken to.)
Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid.
Examples
  • a. The doctor said to me, "Stop smoking!". http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifThe doctor told me to stop smoking.
  • "Get out of the car!" said the policeman. http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifThe policeman ordered him to get out of the car.
  • "Could you please be quiet," she said. http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifShe asked me to be quiet.
  • The man with the gun said to us, "Don't move!" http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifThe man with the gun warned us not to move.
2. Requests for objects are reported using the pattern ask + for + object:
Examples
  • "Can I have an apple?", she asked. http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifShe asked for an apple
  • "Can I have the newspaper, please?" http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifHe asked for the newspaper.
  • "May I have a glass of water?" he said. http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifHe asked for a glass of water.
  • "Sugar, please." http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifShe asked for the sugar.
  • "Could I have three kilos of onions?" http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifHe asked for three kilos of onions.
3. Suggestions are usually reported with a that-clause. 'That' and 'should' are optional in these clauses:
  • She said: "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?" http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifShe suggested that I should get a mechanic to look at the car. OR She suggested I get a mechanic to look at the car.
Other reporting verbs used in this way are: insist, recommend, demand, request, propose.
Examples
  • "It would be a good idea to see the dentist", said my mother. http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifMy mother suggested I see the dentist.
  • The dentist said, "I think you should use a different toothbrush". http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifThe dentist recommended that I should use a different toothbrush.
  • My manager said, "I think we should examine the budget carefully at this meeting." http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifMy manager proposed that we examine the budget carefully at the meeting.
  • "Why don't you sleep overnight at my house?" she said. http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gifShe suggested that I sleep overnight at her house.
Notes
Suggest can also be followed by a gerund: I suggested postponing the visit to the dentist.

See also
Summary of Reporting Verbs.
REPORTED SPEECH: hopes,intentions & promises
HOPES, INTENTIONS & PROMISES
When we report an intention, hope or promise, we use an appropriate reporting verb followed by a that-clause or a to-infinitive:
"I'll pay you the money tomorrow." http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/images/ARROW1.gif
He promised to pay me the money the next day.
He promised that he would pay me the money the next day.
Other verbs used in this pattern include:
hope, propose, threaten, guarantee, swear.
Examples
  • "I'll be back by lunchtime."
  • He promised to be back by lunchtime.
  • He promised that he would be back by lunchtime.
  • "We should arrive in London before nightfall."
  • They hoped to arrive in London before nightfall.
  • They hoped they would arrive in London before nightfall.
  • "Give me the keys to the safe or I'll shoot you!"
  • He threatened to shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
  • He threatened that he would shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
Reported Speech: Summary of reporting verbs
Summary of reporting verbs
Note that some reporting verbs may appear in more than one of the following groups.
1. Verbs followed by 'if' or 'whether' + clause:
ask
know
remember
say
see
2. Verbs followed by a that-clause:
add
admit
agree
announce
answer
argue
boast
claim
comment
complain
confirm
consider
deny
doubt
estimate
explain
fear
feel
insist
mention
observe
persuade
propose
remark
remember
repeat
reply
report
reveal
say
state
suggest
suppose
tell
think
understand
warn
3. Verbs followed by either a that-clause or a to-infinitive:
decide
expect
guarantee
hope
promise
swear
threaten
4. Verbs followed by a that-clause containing should
(but note that it may be omitted, leaving a subject + zero-infinitive):
advise
beg
demand
insist
prefer
propose
recommend
request
suggest
5. Verbs followed by a clause starting with a question word:
decide
describe
discover
discuss
explain
forget
guess
imagine
know
learn
realise
remember
reveal
say
see
suggest
teach
tell
think
understand
wonder
6. Verbs followed by object + to-infinitive
advise
ask
beg
command
forbid
instruct
invite
teach
tell
warn

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